Johns, was established in and has 4 main campuses, as well as 2 satellite campuses in 3 regions of Newfoundland and Labrador. The university offers degrees in Engineering, Geology, Business, and Medicine and is rated as one of the best universities in Canada. The College of the North Atlantic, in Stephenville, was established in and consists of several smaller trade-schools.
The college offers over study programs at 17 campuses all over Newfoundland and Labrador. In addition, there are 25 private trade-schools throughout Newfoundland and Labrador. If you enjoy sight-seeing, there are many rustic lighthouses and museums to visit across the province. In , however, this number had decreased to 2. For a time, employment in mining, quarrying and oil and gas extraction increased dramatically, rising 96 per cent between and , from 5, to 11, people.
As with other provinces with significant employment in oil and gas, these numbers have declined in recent years, falling to 8, people in , or 3. Despite the importance of resource-based industries to the province, in the sectors employing the most people were health care and social assistance, retail, and construction.
The unemployment rate in Newfoundland and Labrador is often the highest in the country. In , it was See also Reserves in Newfoundland and Labrador.
Elsewhere the population is of predominantly European origin, the majority descended from immigrants from southwestern England and southern Ireland. On the west coast of the Island there are pockets of people of French descent mostly Acadian and some Scots whose ancestors were from Cape Breton , NS. Religious affiliation closely follows ethnic origin as the majority of residents are Christian, identifying as either Catholic or Protestant.
During the prehistoric period, a group of people referred to by archaeologists as the Maritime Archaic lived in the area now known as Newfoundland and Labrador from about to BCE.
They were followed by the Palaeo-eskimo, who lived in the region from about to BCE, and then the Recent Indians, present from about BCE to the historic period. The ancestors of the Labrador Inuit were the Thule. When John Cabot arrived in , the Beothuk inhabited all parts of the island. While they did have some contact with the Europeans, they generally tried to avoid them, retreating inland.
Without access to the coast, their food sources were limited, and they also began to suffer from European diseases, particularly tuberculosis. They, like the remainder of their community, soon died. Eventually some settled in Newfoundland. Among other challenges, they died from foreign disease, and their land base was encroached upon.
However, there remain two Innu communities in Labrador today, Sheshatshiu and Natuashish. In , the Inuit won the right to self-government. At the end of the 10th century, Norse , including Leif Ericsson , made several voyages of exploration from Greenland to overseas lands to the west and southwest, and established a temporary settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows on the Great Northern Peninsula of the Island.
In John Cabot , a Venetian navigator, sailed on a voyage of discovery for Henry VII of England and discovered new lands, which are believed to have been between Nova Scotia and Labrador, and included a "new isle. Europeans had been exploiting the rich cod stocks off the coast of Newfoundland since shortly after John Cabot's voyage.
During the 16th century this was a migratory fishery with crews from ports in France, Spain, Portugal and England sailing each spring and returning in the fall with salt cod.
Starting in the s, Basques from France and Spain also carried on whaling operations on the south coast of Labrador. Although England was involved in some of the earliest voyages to Newfoundland, its role in the migratory fishery was small before the s. However, war in Europe crippled the other nations' fisheries and opened up markets for English salt cod.
By the English fishery had grown to include approximately ships sailing mostly from West Country ports, and the coast from Trepassey to Bonavista had come to be known as the English Shore.
Relative peace in Western Europe in the early 17th century resulted in various attempts to settle the east coast of North America. Although it was well known for its fishery in many western European ports, the English were reluctant to use Newfoundland as anything more than a fishing colony. To this end women were initially prohibited from venturing to the island, as it was thought that their presence would increase the likelihood of permanent settlement.
Nevertheless, women were eventually allowed to settle on the island once it became apparent that having small settlements could prove even more advantageous for the fishing industry. The first colony was founded by the London and Bristol Company at Cupers Cove now Cupids in Conception Bay in , and in , 40 men and 16 women arrived to start the settlement.
By some of the Bristol merchants had established a second colony, called Bristol's Hope, at Harbour Grace. In , George Calvert began a settlement at Ferryland , and Carbonear was settled by at least Over the next 50 years settlement gradually expanded and by , there were 1, people living in 31 small fishing villages on the English Shore. The tradition of appointing the master of the first fishing vessel to arrive in a harbour each spring the "admiral" of that place dates back to the 16th century.
However, despite popular belief, it seems that these " fishing admirals " usually restricted their activities to various fishery related matters. In the first half of the 17th century, the various proprietary governors, such as John Guy at Cupids and David Kirke at Ferryland, were responsible for maintaining order among the colonists; and during England's Interregnum England was without a monarchy from —60 , Parliament appointed a commissioner, John Treworgie, to oversee the Island's affairs.
However, despite various petitions from some of the more prominent settlers, little attention was paid to the Island's governance between and Certain elements in the West Country fishery objected to year-round settlement and some legislation was passed in an effort restrict it.
In those opposed to settlement persuaded the English government to order all the settlers to leave. However, John Berry, the naval commander sent out to enact this policy, soon realized that any such attempt was futile and became a staunch defender of settlement, arguing that the planters were both an asset to the migratory fishery and a defense against the French.
Two years later the English Privy Council recognized the settlers' right to remain in Newfoundland. In , the first French colony was established in Newfoundland at Placentia. Over the next 20 years, a number of other settlements grew up, and by there were more than French settlers in Newfoundland and on the nearby island of Saint-Pierre.
War between England and France broke out in and continued with only a short respite until It was during these conflicts, known to the English as King William's War and Queen Anne's War, that the issue of who would control Newfoundland was finally decided.
The French launched two devastating campaigns. In the winter of —97 when a French force and some native allies, led by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville , destroyed almost all the English settlements. However, the French failed to consolidate their victory; and by the summer of , the settlements were re-occupied and a British garrison had been established at St John's.
In the winter and spring of another French force, led by Jacques Testard de Montigny, destroyed many of the English settlements but it too was a short-lived victory and the English soon returned.
Despite the devastation of the French attacks, the Treaty of Utrecht , signed in , awarded Newfoundland to England and left the French with fishing rights to the French Shore , a section of the coast between Cape Bonavista and Point Riche.
King William's Act , issued in , recognized the rights of settlers but made no allowance for a settled government. Instead it confirmed the position of the fishing admirals and gave the commanders of the Royal Naval ships that accompanied the English fishing fleet the right to act as appeal judges.
Over the course of the 18th century the Royal Navy was to become the dominant judicial and political force in Newfoundland. In Newfoundland's first naval governor, Captain Henry Osborne, was appointed. The naval governors sailed to Newfoundland each spring and returned to England in the fall.
To maintain order during the rest of the year, Osborne divided the Island into six judicial districts, and justices of the peace and constables were appointed from among the local population. Twenty-one years later, the first court of oyer and terminer hear and determine was held at St John's with a jury made up of local residents.
By a customs house was built at St John's to regulate trade and suppress smuggling, and in a Supreme Court of Judicature was established.
The removal of the French in led to an expansion of English settlement beyond the original English Shore. Settlement also expanded northwest onto the French Shore. There were a few Irish settlers among the first colonists in Newfoundland but the majority was English. But on Dec. The Union came into effect just before midnight on March 31, The next day ceremonies and dignitaries marked the event.
A dip into the CBC Archives tells us that from Day One, there would be some puzzlement over some of the colourful words of the newest Canadians, but the first question was just how to say the word Newfoundland properly. Pratt, who hailed from Newfoundland and who was introduced as the "unofficial poet laureate" of Canada. Getting straight to the matter of language, he spoke about his fellow Newfoundlanders, whose "dialect" was "almost a closed book" to the "outsider.
As for how to say the name of the place itself, Pratt said he'd been asked that question "at least a thousand times. Please enable JavaScript to improve your experience. Motor registration, drivers licence, road conditions, highway cameras, accessible parking permits, ferry routes and schedules….
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